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be “drawing” - /drɔ:rɪŋ/.
7. Australian, New Zealand and South African English.
These three accents are more similar to RP than to GA because they’re non-rhotic.
Secondly, they have a distinctive vowel length, like in RP and GA, but differently from
SSE.
7.1. Australian and New Zealand English.
There are no differences in the basic vowel system between these accents and the RP,
but there are some realizational differences. Long vowels, which are not low, are
realized as diphthongs:
phoneme
realization in AuE and NZE
/i:/
[ɪi] ~ [əɪ]
/e/
[ɛɪ] ~ [ʌɪ]
/u:/
[u:] ~ [əʊ]
/o/
[əʊ] ~ [ʌʊ]
True diphthongs’ realization is not very different from RP’s.
diphthong
realization in AuE and NZE
/aɪ/
[ɑɪ]
/aʊ/
[ɑʊ] ~ [æo]
There’s no difference between the realization of the long vowel /ɔ:/ in RP and
Australian/New Zealand English, but the vowel /ɑ/ is realized as a front vowel, so it
sounds like [a:].
The realization of back, short vowels isn’t different from RP’s realization, but the
front, short vowels are realized slight differently. /a/ and /ɛ/ are realized slightly
higher, and /ɪ/ is realized differently in AuE and NZE:
phoneme
realization in AuE and NZE
/a/
[æ] ~ [ɛ]
/ɛ/
[e]
The most economical way of presenting the vowel system of AuE and NZE is this
sort of exemplification:
[i] (Australian English)
[ə] ~ [ɪ] (New Zealand English)
/ɪ/
‘Long’ vowel phonemes
/i:/
/e:/
/a:/
/u:/
/o:/
/ɔ:/
‘Short’ vowel phonemes
/i/
/e/
/æ/
/u/
/ʌ/
/ɔ/
̈
[i]
[ə]
7.2. South African English.
In the SAE, there are two features that distinguish it vowel system from the others.
Firstly, high, long vowel are diphthongized, secondly the vowel /ɑ/ (present in the
word “psalm”) is extremely back. Long, mid vowels are diphthongized. The vowel in
“caught” is rather mid than low, and it is similar to [o:]. Long vowels of the SAE can
be presented like this:
‘long’ vowel phonemes
realization in South African English
/i:/
[i:]
/e/
[əɪ]
/u:/
[u:]
/o/
[əʊ]
/ɔ:/
[ɔ:] ~ [o:]
/ɑ:/
[ɑ:] ~ [ɒ:]
In the subsystem of short vowel phonemes, the back vowels are unchanged in relation
to RP, and front vowels are realized a bit higher than in RP, similarly to how they are
realized in AuE and NZE:
‘short’ vowel phonemes
realization in South African English
/i/
/e/
[e]
/æ/
[æ] ~ [ɛ]
/ʊ/
[ʊ]
/ʌ/
[ʌ] ~ [ɑ]
/ɒ/
[ɒ]
True diphthongs don’t differ much from those of RP vowel system.
Diphthong
realization in South African English
/aɪ/
[aɪ] ~ [a:]
/aʊ/
[ɑʊ] ~ [aʊ]
/ɔɪ/
[ɔɪ]
7.3. Hiberno-English: Southern and Northern.
Southern and Northern Hiberno-English are accents spoken with England,
respectively in Republic of Ireland and in Northern Ireland (it is also called Ulster
English). Although, both of them are rothic, they’re quite different in typological
terms. The former originates from Southern British accents, and is from the group
represented by the RP. The latter is closer to the SSE.
7.3.1. Southern Hiberno-English.
Southern Hiberno-English’s basic vowel system doesn’t differ from RP’s,
excluding vowel phonemes connected with non-rhoticness of RP. The
phonemes which can only occur in closed syllables (short vowels) are:
phoneme
/ɪ/
/ɛ/
/æ/
/ʊ/
/ʌ/
/ɒ/
As we can see, /ʌ/ is realized as a mid-back vowel that is slightly rounded1
centralized.1, and /ɒ/ gets slightly unrounded and more similar to /ɑ/.
The realization of long vowels also differ a bit from what we know from RP.
/e/ and /o/ are monophthongs in Southern Hiberno-English, /ɔ/ is unrounded
and similar to /ɑ/ and the vowel in “psalm” is low front, not low back as in RP.
realization in Southern Hiberno-
English
[i:] ~ [ɪi]
[e:]
[a:]
[u:] ~ [ʊu]
[o:]
[ɔ:] ~ [ɑ:]
realization in Southern Hiberno-
English
[ɛɪ] ~ [ʌɪ]
[aʊ] ~ [ʌʊ]
[ɔɪ] ~ [ʌɪ]
phoneme
/i/
/e/
/a/
/u/
/o/
/ɔ/
Diphthongs are realized as follows:
diphthong
/aɪ/
/aʊ/
/ɔɪ/
realization in Southern Hiberno-
English
[ɪ]
[ɛ]
[æ] ~ [a]
[ʊ]
[ʌ] ~ [ɔ]
[ɒ] ~ [ɑ]
.
1
wiedziałem jak to zrobić
Kiedy samogłoska jest scentralizowana, to u góry są takie dwie kropeczki jak w niemieckim umlaut, ale nie
7.3.2. Northern Hiberno-English.
Vowel phonemes in the Northern Hiberno-English are realized as follows:
And diphthongs are realized:
Realization in the Northern Hiberno-English
Diphthongs
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